David S. Areford is associate professor of art history at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. He specializes in the devotional art of the late Middle Ages and Northern Renaissance. He is author of The Viewer and the Printed Image in Late Medieval Europe (2010), coeditor of Excavating the Medieval Image: Manuscripts, Artists, Audiences (2004), and coauthor of the exhibition catalogue Origins of European Printmaking: Fifteenth-Century Woodcuts and Their Public (National Gallery of Art and Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, 2005).